Poisons are any substances which act to produce harmful effects on the normal body process. The major means of poisons entering the body are through ingestion (eating or drinking), inhalation (through the nose and mouth), injection (body tissue or blood stream), and topical absorption (through the skin).

Poisoning by ingestion

Poisoning by ingestion may be caused by intentional or accidental overdose of medication such as drugs and alcohol; household cleaners or chemicals; and spoiled food products.

The signs and symptoms of poisoning by ingestion are:

• nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
• severe abdominal pain
• irregular respiration and pulse
• unusual appearance of the mouth such as corroded or destroyed tissues or stains

Treating poisoning by ingestion should be preceded by immediate contact with the local poison control center and following provided instructions. This may include diluting the substance by giving the victim water, or inducing vomiting. Vomiting should not be induced if the victim has swallowed a strong acid or alkali, or petroleum product because these substances may cause further damage when vomited. Likewise, if the victim is unconscious or is convulsing, vomiting should not be induced as this may cause the victim to inhale the vomit into his lungs.

The poison control center will determine the best method of treatment depending on the circumstances until professional medical care is available.

Poisoning by inhalation

A number of toxic gases encountered in such industries as mining and oil drilling may prevent a body from normal respiration by eliminating oxygen from the red blood cells. These gases include sulfur dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and others.

If a victim is experiencing poisoning by inhalation he may exhibit:

• shortness of breath
• uncontrollable coughing
• cyanosis (bluishness of the skin)
• with carbon monoxide, extreme redness of the skin

Before treating a victim of poisoning by inhalation, make sure that the scene is free of poisonous gases and if necessary, use protective equipment such as a gas mask.

• expose the victim to fresh air as quickly as possible
• maintain an open airway
• treat the victim for shock

Topical poisoning

Many substances such as fumes, mists, liquids, and certain plants can cause poisoning and irritation of the skin, causing discomfort and inflammation. Persons who notice changes in the normal texture or color of their skin should seek medical advice but may temporarily eliminate discomfort by early treatment:

• remove contaminated clothing
• thoroughly wash contaminated area
• treat with topical ointment to ease itching
• if reaction is severe, seek medical assistance